قراءة المزيد
History of India
India material list
Introduction History Geography Constitution Religion Agriculture Wildlife Language Education Art Culture Catering Defense State Tourism Articles
Stone Age - 70000 to 3300 BC
Mehrgarh culture 7000-3300 BC
Indus Valley Civilization - 3300-1700 BC
Harappan Culture 1700–1300 BC
Vedic period - 1500–500 BC
Ancient India - 1200 BC - 240 BC
Mahajanapada- 700-300 BC
Magadha Empire- 545–320 BC
Satavahana Empire -230 BC-199 BC
Mauryan Empire- 321–184 BC
Sunga Empire- 184–123 BC
Saka Empire- 123 BC-200 AD
Kushan Empire -60-240 AD
Pre-medieval India - 240 BC - 800 AD
The Chola Empire- 250 BC - 1070 BC
Gupta Empire- 280–550 AD
Pala Empire- 750–1174 AD
Pratihara Empire- 830–963 AD
Rajput period- 900–1162 AD.
Medieval India - 500 AD - 1761AD Delhi Sultanate- 1206-1526AD
Slave dynasty- 1206-1290AD
Khilji Dynasty- 1290-1320AD
Tughlaq Dynasty- 1320-1414AD
Syed Dynasty-. 1414-1451AD
Lodi Dynasty-. 1451-1526AD
Mughal Empire- 1526-1857AD
Deccan Sultanate. 1490-1596AD
Bahmani Dynasty. 1358-1518AD
Nizamshahi dynasty. 1490-1565AD
Southern states- 1040-1565AD
Rashtrakuta Dynasty- 736-973AD
Hoysal Empire- 1040-1346AD
Kakatiya Empire- 1083-1323AD
Vijayanagara Empire- 1326-1565AD
Modern India - 1762-1947 AD
Maratha Empire 1674-1818 AD
Union of Sikh States 1716-1849 AD
Colonial period 1760–1947 AD
The earliest signs of human activity in India have been found so far as 4,00,000 BC. And between the second and third ice-age tribunals of 200,000 BC and they provide evidence that stone tools were used at that time. Based on the evidence of unchanged biological chromosomes of the living person, the first evidence of humans in India is from Kerala, which is likely to be seventy thousand years old. The chromosomes of this person are similar to the biological chromosomes (genes) of ancient humans in Africa. [1] After that, development continued at a slow pace for a long time, which accelerated towards the end of time and ended in 2300 BCE. . It was a stately civilization around the time of the Indus Valley (or Harappan culture according to the latest nomenclature). The earlier Harappan cultures are: the Kulli culture of villages in the Balochistan hills and the culture of some village communities along the rivers of Rajasthan and Punjab. [2] This is the period when the humans of Africa started settling in many parts of the world. Which is believed to be from fifty to seventy thousand years ago.
Sources of ancient Indian history
The source of knowing Indian history can be divided into three parts-
Literary evidence
Details of foreign travelers
Archaeological evidence
Literary evidence
Under literary evidence, historical items derived from literary texts are studied. Literary evidence can be divided into two parts-
Religious literature and cosmic literature.
Religious literature
Brahmin and non-Brahmin literature are discussed under religious literature.
In Brahmin texts -
Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Purana, Smriti Granth come.
The Jain and Buddhist texts are included in the non-Brahmin texts.
Cosmic literature
Historical texts, biographical, fantasy-oriented and fiction literature are described under secular literature.
Scripture
Since ancient times, being the predominant country of India, three religious streams- Vedic, Jain and Buddhist flowed here. The Vedic Dharma Granth is also called the Brahmin Dharma Granth.
Brahmin scripture
Vedas, Upanishads, Epics and Smriti texts are included under the Brahmin Dharma-Granth.
Veda
Main article: Veda
The Veda is an important Brahmin scripture. The word Veda means 'knowledge' Mahātgyana means 'holy and spiritual knowledge'. The word is derived from Sanskrit 'Vid' dhatu which means to know. The composer of the Vedas was 'Krishna Dvaipayana'. Krishna Dvaipayana received the noun ‘Vedavya’ because of the Vedas ’separation-diameter. It is from the Vedas that we get the initial information about the Aryans. Some people consider the Vedas to be apaurusheya i.e. divine. The total number of Vedas is four-
Rigveda - This is a collection of the Ritchas.
Samaveda - This is a collection of the hymns.
Yajurveda - It contains appropriation sentences for Yaganushthan.
Atharvaveda - It is a collection of tantra-mantras.
Brahmin texts
Main article: Brahmin literature
This Brahmin book was composed only to understand the laws of Yajna and rituals and their actions well. The literal meaning of 'Brahma' here is - Yajna means that only the texts which give a good rendition of the subjects of Yajna were called 'Brahmin texts'. The scientific, preferential and spiritual epistemology of Yajnas is presented in the Brahmin texts. These texts are mostly written in prose. In this, knowledge of the relationship of the society and culture of the latter is obtained. Each Veda (Samhita) has its own Brahmins.
Aranyak
Main article: Aranyak literature
In the Aryans, philosophical and mystical subjects like, soul, death, life etc. are described. These texts are called Aryankas because these texts were meditated in Aranya i.e. forest. These texts were written to guide the ascetics living in the Aranyas (forests). Among the Aranyakas, Aitareya Aranyak, Shankhayant Aranyak, Brihadaranyak, Maitrayani Upanishad Aranyak and Tavalakara Aranyak (also called Jaiminiopanishad Brahmin) are the main ones. Aitareya and Shankhayana are associated with the Rigveda, Brihadaranyaka Shukla Yajurveda, Maitrayani Upanishad is related to Aranyaka Krishna Yajurveda and Tavalakara Aranyaka Samaveda. There is no aranak of Atharvaveda available. In the Aranyak texts, the presentation of the glory of life is especially found. There are also some historical facts in them, such as Mahajanapadas are mentioned in the Taittiriya Aranyaka, Kuru, Panchal, Kashi, Videha etc.
Main article: Upanishads
The total number of Upanishads is 108. The major Upanishads are Ish, Kane, Kath, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya, Shvetashvatar, Brihadaranyak, Kaushitki, Mundaka, Ques, Maitranya etc. But the 10 Upanishads written by Shankaracharya have been considered authentic. These are - Ish, Kane, Mandukya, Mundaka, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Question, Chandogya and Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Apart from this, the Shvetashvatar and Kaushitaki Upanishads are also important. Thus, out of 103 Upanishads, only 13 Upanishads are considered authentic. India's famous motto 'Satyamev Jayate' is derived from Mundopanishad. The Upanishads are both in prose and verse, in which the Upanishads in question, Mandukya, Kane, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka and Kaushitaki are in prose and the Kane, Ish, Kath and Shvetashvatar are in verse.
Vedang
Main article: Vedang
Vedangs are very helpful in understanding the meaning of Vedas. The word vedang means - 'by which to help in understanding the nature of an object'. The total number of Vedango is 6, which is as follows-
1- Education, 2- Kalpa, 3- Grammar, 4- Nirukta, 5- Chand and 6- Astrology
Theology has an important place in the Brahmin texts.
There are four literature in theology- 1- Dharma Sutra, 2- Smriti, 3- Tika and 4- Essay.
Memories
Main article: Memories
Memoirs are also called 'Dharma Shastra' - 'Sastu Vedicians Dharmashastra Tu Vismriti'. Memories rise after the sources. These memories get information about numerous activities related to various activities related to human life. Probably the most ancient are Manusmriti (circa 200 BC to 100 CE) and Yajnavalkya Smriti. Other important monuments of that time were Narada, Parashar, Jupiter, Katyayan, Gautama, Samvart, Harit, Angira, etc., whose time probably ranged from 100 AD to 600 AD. Manusmriti provides political, social and religious information about the India of that time. With reference to the Gupta dynasty from Narada SmritiCommentators like Medhatithi, Maruchi, Kulluk Bhatt, Govindaraj etc. have written commentaries on 'Manusmriti', while Vishwaroop, Aparka, Vigyaneshwar etc. have written commentaries on 'Yajnavalkya Smriti'.
Epic
Main article: Epic
'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' are the two oldest epics of India. Although there is a lot of controversy regarding the creation of these two epics, yet based on some available evidence, the creation of these epics dates back to the fourth century BCE. From the fourth century AD has been considered.
Ramayana
Main article: Ramayana
Ramayana was composed by Maharishi Balmiki in Sanskrit language during the first and second centuries. There were originally 6000 verses in the Valmiki Ramayana, which later increased to 12000 and then to 24000. It has been called ‘Chaturvishiti Sahsri Samhita’ Bri. The Ramayana composed by Balmiki - Balkand, Ayodhyakand, Aranyakand, Kishkindhand, Sundarakand, Yudhkand and Uttarakhand is divided into seven episodes. The political, social and religious situation of that time is known by the Ramayana. The scriptures based on Ramkatha were first translated into China outside India. Bhusundi Ramayana is called 'Adiramayan'.
Mahabharata
Main article: Mahabharata
The Mahabharata epic composed by Maharishi Vyasa is larger than the Ramayana. The original time of its creation is believed to be the fourth century BCE. The Mahabharata originally had 8800 verses and its name was 'Jayasahhita' (Victory Text). Later after the number of Shlokas was 24000, it was called 'Bharat' due to the legend of the descendants of the Vedic people Bharata. Later, when the number of shlokas increased to one lakh in the Gupta period, it was called 'Shatasahastri Samhita' or 'Mahabharata'. The earliest mention of the Mahabharata is found in the 'Ashvayya Grihasutra'. Currently this epic has a compilation of about one lakh shlokas. The Mahabharata epic is divided into 18 festivals - Adi, Sabha, Forest, Virat, Udyog, Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Surgical, Saptik, Stree, Shanti, Discipline, Ashwamedha, Ashramwasi, Mausal, Mahaprasthasti and Swarohan. In the Mahabharata, the name 'Harivansh' is an appendix. This epic gives knowledge of the political, social and religious situation of the time.
Main article: Purana
The book containing ancient texts is called Purana. Probably from 5th to 4th century BC. Puranas had already come into existence. These are the five characteristics of Puranas in Brahma Vaivarta Purana. These are - snake, prefix, lineage, manvantara and hereditary. The total number of Puranas are 18 - 1. Brahma Purana 2. Padma Purana 3. Vishnu Purana 4. Vayu Purana 5. Bhagavata Purana 6. Naradaiya Purana, 7. Markandeya Purana 8. Agni Purana 9. Bhavishya Purana 10. Brahma Vaivarta Purana, 11. Linga Purana 12. Varaha Purana 13. Skanda Purana 14. Vamana Purana 15. Kurma Purana 16. Matsya Purana 17. Garuda Purana and 18. Cosmic Purana
Main article: Buddhist literature
Buddhist literature is called ‘Tripitaka’. The Tripitaka (Sanskrit Tripitaka), compiled in various Buddhist musicals organized after the Parinirvana of Mahatma Buddha, is probably the most ancient scripture. Wuller and Reese Davids have described the literal meaning of 'Pitak' as basket. Tripitak-
Sutpitaka, Vinayapitaka and Abhidhammapitaka.
See also: Jain literature and cosmic literature
Jain literature
Main article: Jain literature
Jain literature is also as important as Buddhist literature for historical information. Jain literature available till now is found in Prakrit and Sanskrit languages. Jain literature, which is called 'Agam', is said to be 12 in number. Later, his 'apangas' were also written. Along with the Agams, there are 10 imprinted in Jain texts, 6 verses sutras, one Nandi sutra, one Anuyogdwara and four Moolasutras. These Agama texts were probably composed after the death of Mahavir Swami by the Acharyas of the Shvetambara sect.
Details of foreigners
We also get information about Indian history from the details of foreign travelers and writers. They can be divided into three parts -
Greek-Roman writer
Chinese writer
Arabic writer
Archeology
Main article: Archeology
Archaeological evidence mainly consists of inscriptions, coins, monuments, buildings, sculptures, etc. Records have an important place in supporting archaeological material in the construction of history. These inscriptions are mostly found carved in columns, rocks, copper plates, postures, statues, cavities etc. Although the oldest inscription is from the name 'Bogajkoi' of Central Asia, around 1400 BC. Many Vedic deities - Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Nasatya, etc. are found in.
The painting
Main article: Painting
Painting gives us information about the life of that time. Ajanta's paintings provide a beautiful expression of human emotion. In paintings such as 'Mother and Baby' or 'Deathly Princess', there is complete evidence of artistic climax of the Gupta period.
Stone Age
Main article: History of India Stone Age
All history can be divided into three periods-
Prehistoric Age
Proto-historic Age
Historic Age
Primitive (early) castes of india
Main article: Primitive castes of India
The question of how many types of castes resided in India in the early period, what level of mutual relations were there among them, is very much disputed. Yet among the latest most beliefs is' Dr. BS Guha 'is of the opinion. The early castes of India can be divided into six parts. -
1.Negrito
2.Proto-Australian
3.Mongoloid
4.Mediterranean
5.Western breaky cephal
4.Nordic
Indus Valley Civilization
Main article: Indus Valley Civilization
Nearly 70 years ago today, the residents of 'Haryana' located in the 'Montgomery District' of the 'West Punjab Province' of Pakistan probably did not even have the slightest idea that the bricks used in the land around them were so used They are building their houses indiscriminately, they are no ordinary bricks, but remnants of a nearly 5,000 years old and fully developed civilization. He realized this when in 1856 AD, 'John William Brantam' started excavating these ruins to supply bricks for laying railway line from Karachi to Lahore. During the excavation itself, the first remains of this civilization were found, which was named after this civilization as ‘Harappan civilization’.
Main article: Harappan script
The earliest specimen of the Harappan script was found in 1853 AD, but apparently this script came to light by 1923. The Indus script has about 64 original symbols and from 205 to 400 characters which are found on rectangular seals of the cellar, copper pellets etc. This script was illustrative. This script has not been produced yet. The largest article found in this script contains approximately 17 symbols. The inscriptions on the clay weights obtained from the excavation of Kalibanga cut its lateral right. On this basis, 'Brajwasi Lal' has concluded - 'Sendhava script was written from right to left.'
Terracotta
Main article: The Hramppan Civilizations
Soil sculptures derived from the Harappan civilization have been made of clay. In addition to humans, these animals have been found in the terraces of bull, buffalo, goat, tiger, pig, rhinoceros, bear, monkey, peacock, parrot, duck and pigeon. Human terracotta is solid but animals hollow. Most of the male and female figurines are solid, but animals are hollow. Amongst the male and female-mritmurtis, the most female mritmurtis have been found.
Characteristics of Harappan cities
Main article: City plan of Harappan civilization
The most important feature of Harappan culture was its city planning. There was a symmetry in the construction of the important sites of this civilization. The unique thing about city buildings was that they were configured like webs.
Hadappa life
Main article: Harappan Society and Culture
Looking at the prevalence and development of Harappa culture, it seems that this civilization was governed by some central power. Although this question still remains a matter of controversy, yet since the Harappans were more attracted towards commerce, it is believed that the Harappan civilization was probably ruled by the merchant class.
Henniller called the rule of the people of the Indus region as 'middle class democratic rule' and acknowledged the importance of religion in it.
Stuart Piggott said that the rule of Mohenjodaro was democratic rather than political.
According to McKay, 'Mohenjodaro's rule was in the hands of a representative ruler.
History of India
prehistoric times
Main article: Prehistoric period
The history of India begins with prehistoric times. An advanced civilization existed in the Indus Valley between 3000 BCE and 1500 BCE, the remains of which are found in Mohan Jodaro (Muan-jo-daro) and Harappa. It is believed that the Aryans entered India later. The Aryans found that the civilization of those who lived before them in this country, if not superior to them, was not inferior in any way. The largest class of people before the Aryans was the Dravidians.
See also: Aryans, Aryavart and Dravidians
Mahajanapada era
Main article: Mahajanapada
No date has been preserved by ancient Indians in a chronological order. The earliest definite date known to us is 326 BC. Is, when King Alexander of Macedonia invaded India. History of India in the seventh century B.C. by adding the precedence of events before this date and using the historical observations preserved in literature. Is reached. During this period, India was divided into hexade districts from the valley of Kabul to Godavari.
history of India
prehistoric times
Main article: Prehistoric period
The history of India begins with prehistoric times. An advanced civilization existed in the Indus Valley between 3000 BCE and 1500 BCE, the remains of which are found in Mohan Jodaro (Muan-jo-daro) and Harappa. It is believed that the Aryans entered India later. The Aryans found that the civilization of those who lived before them in this country, if not superior to them, was not inferior in any way. The largest class of people before the Aryans was the Dravidians.
See also: Aryans, Aryavart and Dravidians
Mahajanapada era
Main article: Mahajanapada
No date has been preserved by ancient Indians in a chronological order. The earliest definite date known to us is 326 BC. Is, when King Alexander of Macedonia invaded India. History of India in the seventh century B.C. by adding the precedence of events before this date and using the historical observations preserved in literature. Is reached. During this period, India was divided into hexade districts from the valley of Kabul to Godavari.
See also: Brahmins, Andhak Sangha, Krishna and Braj
Ancient India
Main article: Ancient India
The Indian history from 1200 BC to 240 AD is called the history of ancient India. The latter India is called Medieval India, which was mainly dominated by Muslim rulers.
Maurya and Sunga
Main article : History of India
prehistoric times
Main article: Prehistoric period
The history of India begins with prehistoric times. An advanced civilization existed in the Indus Valley between 3000 BCE and 1500 BCE, the remains of which are found in Mohan Jodaro (Muan-jo-daro) and Harappa. It is believed that the Aryans entered India later. The Aryans found that the civilization of those who lived before them in this country, if not superior to them, was not inferior in any way. The largest class of people before the Aryans was the Dravidians.
See also: Aryans, Aryavart and Dravidians
Mahajanapada era
Main article: Mahajanapada
No date has been preserved by ancient Indians in a chronological order. The earliest definite date known to us is 326 BC. Is, when King Alexander of Macedonia invaded India. History of India in the seventh century B.C. by adding the precedence of events before this date and using the historical observations preserved in literature. Is reached. During this period, India was divided into hexade districts from the valley of Kabul to Godavari.
See also: Brahmins, Andhak Sangha, Krishna and Braj
Main article: Ancient India
The Indian history from 1200 BC to 240 AD is called the history of ancient India. The latter India is called Medieval India, which was mainly dominated by Muslim rulers.
Maurya and Sunga
Main article: Mauryan period, Mauryan Empire and Sunga
See also: Ashoka, Ashoka inscriptions, Buddha, Buddhist philosophy, Buddhism, Fahyan, Pataliputra and Taxila
Saka, Kushan and Satavahana
Main article: Saka Empire and Kushan Empire
See also: Rabatak article, Kushan, Kanishka, Kambojika and Kalhan
EmpireMauryan secret
Main article: Gupta Empire and Sunga
See also: Ashoka, Ashoka inscriptions, Buddha, Buddhist philosophy, Buddhism, Fahyan, Pataliputra and Taxila
Saka, Kushan and Satavahana
Main article: Saka Empire and Kushan Empire
See also: Rabatak article, Kushan, Kanishka, Kambojika and Kalhan
secret
Main article: Gupta Empire
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